The article concludes with the following key recommendations for US policymakers. Real power is steadily catching up to the willpower to undercut US hegemony, posing challenges to the United States MENA approach and to its regional allies and partners. Nevertheless, even though China currently lacks the capacity and will to replace the United States’ long-established integrated deterrence and alliance networks, its new initiatives should not be overlooked. Furthermore, it outlines what the future Chinese strategy might entail, and why its current form does a disservice to its stated objectives of regional peace and security. Using the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and Gulf security as case studies, it reveals the stark disparity between Beijing’s words and deeds. The discussion will then turn to internal Chinese debates about stepping up security and political involvement, highlighting a shared belief among Chinese MENA scholars that these measures are necessary. This report will begin by providing an up-to-date and comprehensive analysis of China’s increased engagement and increased sense of urgency in the Middle East. Moreover, it will illustrate how China’s expanding presence has resulted in a firmer determination to get more involved in regional security and politics, most notably through Xi Jinping’s Global Security Initiative and New Security Architecture for the Middle East. It will describe how China currently provides limited security alternatives that directly and indirectly undermine US dominance, even without displacing it. Second, this report will review the assumption that there is no substitute for the United States’ security and diplomatic dominance in the region. In doing so, it seeks to further integrate each nation’s development strategy with its own. Indeed, China has been fortifying its strategic ties and expanding its cooperation by heavily investing in local Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) projects, as well as the infrastructure and technologies of the future. First, while it is widely assumed that Beijing’s interests in the region are limited to energy security and economic ties, this report will show how cooperation has expanded in recent years across the board. This report addresses two widely held beliefs about the nature of China’s engagement in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) that ought to be revisited in light of notable developments. Pang Chunxue reiterated that China regards Pakistan as an important economic partner and will continue its efforts to promote socio-economic development and financial stability in Pakistan.FebruFull throttle in neutral: China’s new security architecture for the Middle East She underscored that CPEC is a flagship project of the Belt and Road Initiative and that the Chinese leadership will continue to support Pakistan’s efforts to develop CPEC as a high-quality demonstration project of the BRI. Pang Chunxue thanked the Prime Minister for his virtual participation in the first High Level Forum on Global Development Initiative and expressed China’s resolve to implement GDI projects in Pakistan as envisaged by the leadership of the two countries. She highlighted that the Chinese government and the CPC accord a special place to Pakistan in their neighborhood diplomacy and look forward to further deepening the relationship in all fields of bilateral cooperation. She underscored that Pakistan is an “all-weather strategic cooperative partner” of China and a “time-tested friend.” Pang Chunxue conveyed the best wishes and felicitations of the Chinese government for Pakistan. He thanked China for its support for Pakistan’s economic stability and expressed his firm commitment to further deepening development cooperation between the two countries under the rubric of Global Development Initiative and the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). He noted the upward trajectory in Pakistan-China ties and the deepening economic and financial relationship between the two countries. The Prime Minister recalled his substantive interactions with Chinese President Xi Jinping and Premier Li Keqiang, and expressed his appreciation for the strong personal commitment of the Chinese leadership to strengthening bilateral ties between Pakistan and China. Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif met with Chinese Charge d’Affaires Pang Chunxue in Islamabad on Tuesday and congratulated the Communist Party of China (CPC) on its 102nd anniversary also thanked the CPC leadership for their support to Pakistan’s sovereignty, integrity, and economic development.
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